ABSTRACT
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is an important member of the phosphodiesterase enzyme family that specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), activates the downstream phosphorylation cascade pathway by altering cAMP concentration, and is strongly associated with multiple diseases. Inhibition of PDE4 is clinically investigated as a therapeutic strategy in a broad range of disease areas, including respiratory system diseases, autoimmune disorders, central nervous system diseases, and dermatological conditions. However, the incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting is relatively high in the marketed PDE4 inhibitors, which has stalled their clinical development. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical progression and safety issues of the marketed PDE4 inhibitors. We also review the main causes underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects by combining the structural analysis of the PDE4 protein, the mechanism of action of PDE4 inhibitors, and the related side effect mechanism research, aiming to provide a reference for the development of safe and effective PDE4 inhibitors.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect and safety of imaging-guided percutaneous catheterization drainage and alcohol sclerosis for treatment of renal cysts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six patients with primary renal cysts, including 22 men and 14 women aged 18-65 years (mean 42.5 years), were treated with imaging-guided percutaneous puncture catheterization drainage and alcohol sclerosis treatment. The location of the renal cysts and puncture route, angle and depth were determined by ultrasound or CT scan. Paracentesis and catheterization external drainage were carried out under fluoroscope. Absolute alcohol was used as the sclerosis agent.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-eight cysts were detected in the 36 patients, locating at the upper pole (n=21), subtus pole (n=10) and intermediate pole (n=7). The length of renal cysts was 4.5-8.5 cm (mean 5.5 cm). Puncture was performed through the lumbar back and the success rate was 100%. Thirty-eight multi-lateral holes 5-7F drainage catheters were placed in the 38 cysts. Alcohol was injected for 169 times through the drainage tube and the average volume was 25 ml, with an average injection of 4.45 times. During the follow-up for 1 to 6 years (mean 3.5 years), 37 renal cysts disappeared and 1 cyst was reduced in a patient with polycystic kidney. The total cure rate was 97% in this series, and no serious complications occurred after the operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Imaging-guided percutaneous puncture catheterization drainage and alcohol sclerosis is effective and safe for treatment of renal cysts.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Catheterization , Drainage , Methods , Ethanol , Kidney Diseases, Cystic , Diagnostic Imaging , Therapeutics , Sclerosing Solutions , Therapeutic Uses , Sclerotherapy , Methods , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
This paper is to report the analysis of the main chemical constituents of Shuanghuanglian injection powder and determination of their origin. The sample solution was analyzed by a Zorbax C18 column with a gradient mobile phase comprised of methanol and 0.25% acetic acid solution. Both UV and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detector were used simultaneously, -Q1-scan detection mode was evaluated for the identification of the LC peaks. To analyze the mass spectrum of every LC peaks, 43 molecular mass from the ion chromatogram of Shuanghuanglian injection powder were identified and among them, structure of 20 compounds were elucidated, and the data were sorted to the three component herbs, separately.
Subject(s)
Chlorogenic Acid , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Drug Combinations , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Flavonoids , Forsythia , Chemistry , Glycosides , Injections , Lonicera , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Powders , Scutellaria , Chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Methods , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , MethodsABSTRACT
A new thermophilic fungus J18 isolated from the soil samples was identified as Paecilomyces thermophila. This strain produced effectively xylanase utilizing several lignocellulosic materials in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) , and wheat straw was the best carbon source. The results of single-factor-experiment showed that the wheat straw of particle size 0. 3 mm ~ 0.45 mm, initial moisture content of 83% , initial pH of 7. 0 and cultivation temperature of 50℃were the optimal conditions for xylanase production. Under the optimized conditions, it produced 18 580 U/g dry substrate after 8 days of cultivation. Therefore, xylanase production by Paecilomyces thermophila in SSF possess great potential for commercial applications.